A Bill of Lading (“B/L”) is perhaps the most important shipping document given that it facilitates the transfer of title to the cargo. While the B/L is generally considered to have three functions (Receipt, Evidence of a contract of carriage…
Cash on delivery (“COD”) is a common business termi used generally for the sale of goods in the consumer market. The buyer is expected to pay cash at the time of delivery of the goods to the delivery person, often…
During one of the webinars we attended, the case of The CMA CGM Libra was discussed and in which participants raised queries on who would bear the shortfall in the General Average (“GA”) kitty should one of the cargo interests…
We had earlier written another article on Standard Trading Conditions and which can be viewed at It is invariably a requirement for Logistics Service Providers (“LSP”) that they contract with their clients on the basis of compulsorily applicable cargo…
Disputes invariably arise in International business and which may be due to many factors including biases, different understanding of the facts, parties based at different jurisdictions including different legal systems i.e., common or civil lawi, etc. The shipping industry has…
There have been enough tomesi written on Notice of Readiness (“NOR”) and the intention of this article is not to add on to these. Given that issues on NOR’s regularly rears up, the Association of Maritime International Commercial Interests &…
A Foreign Arbitral award can be enforced in India in the following three ways: Award can be enforced as per the provisions of S 47 to S 48 of the (Indian) Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996 (Indian Arbitration Act). If…
Following our earlier article, The Singapore Multimodal Transport Act 2021 (“SMTA 21”), we were contacted by Land Transport Authorityi, the Singapore Licensing Authority and who advised us that the provisions of the SMTA 21 is not mandatory but optional. This…
The Singapore parliament, on 05th Jan 2021, passed the Multimodal Transport Billi to facilitate the ratification of the ASEAN framework agreement on Multimodal Transportii. At the time of passing the act, the date of application of the Act was left…
If parties are unable to resolve the dispute by themselves, they should ideally consider a process which would lead to the resolution of their disputes with minimum of costs and time. If the parties agree to, say arbitration as the…